Do you even need to ask?
Ered Lithui where all lovely things prosper (or just die), Ephel Duath where I've settled in my comfy Morgul^^, and of course never forget the king of all mountains: The Orodruin; Mount Doom!!
King of all Mountains?
You clearly need to revise your priorities, hoho96.
The true Supreme, Mightiest and Tallest Mountain of Arda is the Ever-Snow-White TANIQUETIL in Valinor, where Manwë and Varda look at and govern the World from their Holy Thrones 8-)
(http://pre13.deviantart.net/c93d/th/pre/f/2013/354/1/b/taniquetil_by_ralphdamiani-d41tlej.jpg)
I honestly don't care about a modest smoking Mountain, that explodes at the end of the 'Return of the King' :D
Preach to the Majesty of Valinor, hoho96 ;)
I noticed that the picture in the initial post was broken.
I restored it, so that you can now see more clearly the most famous mountainous chains of Arda, according to the colours in the description :)
(http://i1383.photobucket.com/albums/ah307/LaValchiria/Mountains_of_Arda_2_zpsfpxqyswi.jpg)
Needless to say, Aman is included as well, as this is a representation of Arda before the Great Cataclysm ;)